Selasie Emefa Efua Agbogla

This study confirmed that colour–odour interaction is a context-sensitive phenomenon driven by semantic alignment, molecular structure, and perceptual dominance. Yellow enhanced perceived intensity in EM-dominant blends, while black consistently suppressed it, supporting crossmodal congruency theory. This research has practical value: visual cues can be strategically used to enhance consumer experience and potentially reduce fragrance concentration in cosmetic products. By applying this approach to complex aromatic systems – final fragrance blend, new strategies to optimise perceptual intensity whilst reducing fragrance load through visual modulation. This supports both innovation and sustainability in cosmetic product development and fragrance design.