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Airfix
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Airfix/wiki/File:Airfix_simplified_logo.png
Company type[Private](/wiki/Privately_owned_company) (1939–86)
Founded1939
Founder[Nicholas Kove](/wiki/Nicholas_Kove)
Defunct2006; 20 years ago
FateAcquired by [Humbrol](/wiki/Humbrol) in 1986, until its closure in 2006, becoming a [brand](/wiki/Brand)
HeadquartersUnited Kingdom
Products[Scale model](/wiki/Scale_model) [cars](/wiki/Model_car), [aircraft](/wiki/Model_aircraft), [ships](/wiki/Model_ship), commercial vehicles, [military vehicles](/wiki/Model_military_vehicle), [railways](/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling)
Brands[Kitmaster](/wiki/Rosebud_Kitmaster) (1962–2006)
Owner[Hornby plc](/wiki/Hornby_Railways) (2006–present)
[Parent](/wiki/Parent_company)[Humbrol](/wiki/Humbrol) (1986–2006)
Website[uk.airfix.com](https://uk.airfix.com/)

Airfix is a British [brand](/wiki/Brand) and former manufacturing company which produced [injection-moulded](/wiki/Injection_moulding) [plastic](/wiki/Plastic_model) [scale model](/wiki/Scale_model) kits. In the UK, the name 'Airfix' has become practically synonymous with plastic models of this type, "they became a sort of generic name for any plastic, injection-moulded model kit".[[1]](#cite_note-1)

Airfix manufactured a wide range of plastic model products such as [cars](/wiki/Model_car), [aircraft](/wiki/Model_aircraft), [ships](/wiki/Model_ship), commercial vehicles, [military vehicles](/wiki/Model_military_vehicle), [railways](/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling), and [figures](/wiki/Model_figure). Founded in 1939, Airfix was owned by [Humbrol](/wiki/Humbrol) from 1986 until the latter's financial collapse on 31 August 2006.[[2]](#cite_note-2) Since 2007, both Humbrol and Airfix have been owned by [Hornby](/wiki/Hornby_Railways).

Airfix was founded in 1939 by Hungarian businessman [Nicholas Kove](/wiki/Nicholas_Kove), initially to manufacture inflatable rubber toys. The brand name was selected so that it would be alphabetically the first in trade directories.[[3]](#cite_note-3) In 1947, Airfix introduced [injection moulding](/wiki/Injection_moulding), initially producing [pocket combs](/wiki/Comb). In 1949, the company was commissioned to create a [promotional model](/wiki/Scale_model#Examples_of_scale_models) of a [Ferguson](/wiki/Ferguson_Company) [TE20](/wiki/Ferguson_TE20) tractor, moulded in [cellulose acetate](/wiki/Cellulose_acetate) plastic and hand-assembled for distribution to Ferguson sales representatives. To increase sales and lower production costs, the model was sold in kit form by [Woolworths](/wiki/Woolworths_(United_Kingdom)) retail stores.

In 1954, Woolworths buyer Jim Russon suggested that Airfix produce a model kit of [Sir Francis Drake](/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake)'s [Golden Hind](/wiki/Golden_Hind), then being sold in North America as a '[ship-in-a-bottle](/wiki/Ship-in-a-bottle)', made in the more stable [polystyrene](/wiki/Polystyrene). To meet Woolworths retail price of two shillings, Airfix packaged the product in a plastic bag with a paper header that had the assembly instructions on the reverse. Its huge success led the company to produce new kit designs. The first aircraft kit was released in 1953, a model of the [Supermarine Spitfire](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire) Mk I,[[4]](#cite_note-4) followed by the Spitfire Mk IX in 1958, in 1⁄72 scale, developed by [James Hay Stevens](/wiki/James_Hay_Stevens).[[5]](#cite_note-5) This was a scaled-down copy of the [Aurora](/wiki/Aurora_Plastics_Corporation) 1⁄48 Supermarine Spitfire kit, although it is unknown if this kit was produced with authorization from Aurora.[[6]](#cite_note-JamesMaySpitfire-6)

Airfix later received complaint letters from modellers and former [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force) (RAF) personnel regarding inaccuracies of the 1/72 Spitfire Mk I that were carried over from the original 1/48 Aurora model, particularly the BTK squadron code provided in the decal sheet (the code was never used on a Spitfire, as it was used by a squadron operating the [Supermarine Walrus](/wiki/Supermarine_Walrus) amphibious biplane). One of the complaints came from modeller John Edwards, who was appointed as Airfix's chief designer after convincing the company that he could improve their aircraft kits. Edwards helped release a more accurate Spitfire Mk IX model in 1955, and he went on to direct the designs of Airfix kits in other ranges for another 15 years until his death at the age of 38.[[6]](#cite_note-JamesMaySpitfire-6)

/wiki/File:Airfix_57.jpgAirfix models from 1957
During the 1960s and 1970s, the company expanded as the hobby grew. The range expanded to include vintage and modern cars, motorcycles, [figures](/wiki/Model_figure) in both 1⁄76 and 1⁄32 scale, trains, model railway accessories, military vehicles, ships, rockets and spaceships, as well as an ever-increasing range of aircraft, most created at the scales of 1⁄72 for small and military aircraft and 1⁄144 scale for airliners. The growth of the hobby launched a number of competitors such as [Matchbox](/wiki/Matchbox_(brand)) and introduced new manufacturers from Japan and the US to the UK. During this period the Humbrol company also grew, supplying paints, brushes, glue and other accessories as an alternative to Airfix's own range. Airfix also launched a monthly modelling magazine, [Airfix Magazine](/wiki/Airfix_Magazine), produced by a variety of publishers from June 1960 to October 1993. During the 1970s, an Airfix Magazine Annual was also produced; and Airfix books on classic aircraft, classic ships and modelling techniques were published by Patrick Stephens Ltd.

In 1963, the Airfix [slot car racing](/wiki/Slot_car_racing) system was introduced. Airfix produced cars with front-wheel [Ackermann](/wiki/Ackermann_steering_geometry) steering and, later, conversion kits so that normal Airfix 1⁄32 kit cars such as the [Ford Zodiac](/wiki/Ford_Zodiac) and the [Sunbeam Rapier](/wiki/Sunbeam_Rapier) could be raced. The first set had Ferrari and Cooper cars and an 11-foot figure-of-eight track: it cost £4/19/11d. Always in the shadow of the [Scalextric](/wiki/Scalextric) range, the Airfix version attempted to progress with the higher-end Model Road Racing Company (MRRC) range but eventually the venture was abandoned.[[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)]

Most of Airfix's older range of military vehicles, though sold as [1⁄72](/wiki/1:72_scale), are generally accepted as [OO](/wiki/OO_scale) or 1⁄76 scale - the subsequent introduction of a small number of true [1⁄72](/wiki/1:72_scale) vehicle kits to the Airfix range created controversy regarding the exact scale. Hornby's new packaging shows 1⁄72 or 1⁄76 as appropriate.

In late 1962, the acquisition[[7]](#cite_note-7) of the intellectual property and 35 moulds of [Rosebud Kitmaster](/wiki/Rosebud_Kitmaster) gave Airfix its first models of railway locomotives in OO and HO scales and its first motorcycle kit; the [Ariel Arrow](/wiki/Ariel_Leader#Ariel_Arrow) in 1⁄16 scale. The 1960s also saw the introduction of a line of boxed 1⁄72 scale military figures.

In the mid-1970s, larger scales were introduced, including detailed 1⁄24-scale models of the Spitfire, [Messerschmitt Bf 109](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109), [Hawker Hurricane](/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane) and [Harrier "jump-jet"](/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier). The mid-1970s were a peak time for Airfix. Releasing as many as 17 new kits a year, Airfix commanded 75% of the UK market with 20 million kits per annum.[[8]](#cite_note-8) Series 20 was limited for several years to the 1972 1⁄12 scale kit of the 1930 Supercharged [Bentley 4½ Litre](/wiki/Bentley_4%C2%BD_Litre) car, with 272 parts and the option of a 3-volt motor. In 1979 four motorcycles in 1⁄8 scale were added to this series. The company also introduced an addition to the [plastic soldier](/wiki/Toy_soldier) boxed set line with a 1⁄32 scale version.[[9]](#cite_note-9)

During this period, as well as model kits, Airfix also produced a wide range of toys, games, dolls and art & craft products. It was still producing other plastic products such as homewares at this time. Airfix Industries acquired part of the failing [Lines Brothers](/wiki/Lines_Bros)' Tri-ang toy business, then in voluntary liquidation, giving it the [Meccano](/wiki/Meccano) and [Dinky Toys](/wiki/Dinky_Toys) businesses in 1971. This made Airfix the UK's largest toy company.

### Decline, purchase by Humbrol
[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Airfix&action=edit&section=3)]

In the 1980s, Airfix Industries group was under financial pressure, there were losses in Airfix's other toy businesses, and attempts to reduce costs were met with [industrial action](/wiki/Industrial_action). The pound strengthened from US$1.56 to US$2.35 in a matter of months, destroying export markets, because customers were unwilling to accept a 50% price increase for the same goods. The financial interdependency of the divisions of Airfix Industries forced it to declare bankruptcy in 1981. The company was bought by [General Mills](/wiki/General_Mills) (owner of US automobile kit-maker [MPC](/wiki/Model_Products_Corporation)) through its UK [Palitoy](/wiki/Palitoy) subsidiary.[[10]](#cite_note-10) The kit moulds were sent to their factory in [Calais](/wiki/Calais), France. Later, Airfix aircraft kits were marketed in the United States under the MPC label and some MPC kits were sold in the UK under the Airfix name (an example being the 1⁄25 scale vintage [Stutz Bearcat](/wiki/Stutz_Bearcat) kit originally produced as a tie-in to the [Bearcats!](/wiki/Bearcats!) television series). Airfix released MPC kits based on the [Star Wars](/wiki/Star_Wars) film series.

Airfix's market share reduced to 40% of the UK market (2.3 million kits) though it had 75% of the German market. In the US, where automobile kits were more popular than aircraft, it was less than 2%.[[11]](#cite_note-11)

Four years later, General Mills withdrew from the toy market to focus on its core food manufacturing business. At one point, it looked as if the Airfix range might be discontinued with no new toolings released from 1986 to 1987.[[12]](#cite_note-12) Eventually around this time, it was bought by the Hobby Products Group of [Borden, Inc.](/wiki/Borden,_Inc.), which had tried to buy the range in 1981. Borden was also the owner of [Humbrol](/wiki/Humbrol). The moulds remained in France but were relocated to the group's existing kit-manufacturer, [Trun](/wiki/Trun,_Orne)-based [Heller SA](/wiki/Heller_SA). This was a logical acquisition since Humbrol's paints and adhesives could be used to complete Airfix kits and the Heller factory was under-utilised.

The Hobby Products Group was sold to an Irish investment company, Allen & McGuire, in 1994 and continued under the Humbrol name.

In 2003, Airfix celebrated the 50th anniversary of its first aircraft kit, the Supermarine Spitfire. The celebration was two years early because of an incorrect 1953 date commonly accepted at the time. As the moulds for the original kit were long gone, Airfix reissued its 1⁄72 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Ιa kit in blue plastic. The kit also included a large Series 5 stand (the moulds for the smaller Series 1 stand having been lost) and a copy of the original plastic bag packaging with paper header.

### Demise of Humbrol and acquisition by Hornby
[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Airfix&action=edit&section=5)]

/wiki/File:The_former_Humbrol_Factory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_865800.jpgFormer Humbrol factory in [Kingston upon Hull](/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull)
On 31 August 2006, parent company Humbrol went into [administration](/wiki/Administration_(insolvency)), 31 of 41 employees being made [redundant](/wiki/Redundancy_(law)), largely because of the collapse of Heller SA, which still manufactured most of Airfix's kits.[[13]](#cite_note-13) On 10 November 2006, [Hornby Hobbies Ltd.](/wiki/Hornby_Railways) announced it was to acquire Airfix and other assets of Humbrol for £2.6 million,[[14]](#cite_note-14) and relaunched the brands the following year. In 2008, Airfix's former factory in [Kingston upon Hull](/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull) was demolished.

Under the management of Hornby, Airfix was revitalised. Old ranges were re-issued, and Airfix launched several new kits annually. Most manufacturing of Airfix products is in India, while design and packing is in the UK.

### Ownership and production summary
[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Airfix&action=edit&section=7)]

Period
Ownership
Main manufacturing base
Comments

1939-1981
Airfix Industries Ltd, UK
Haldane Place, Wandsworth, London, UK
Collaboration in later years with MPC (USA) and Gunze Sangyo (Japan)

1981-1985
General Mills Inc, USA through CPG Products Corporation
Miro Meccano factory, Calais, France
Range largely shared with MPC (USA) also owned by General Mills.

1986-1994
Borden Inc, USA through Humbrol Ltd
Heller factory, Trun, France
Many Airfix kits were reboxed Heller kits, also owned by Humbrol.

1994-2006
Allen & McGuire, Ireland, through Humbrol Ltd
Heller factory, Trun, France
Many Airfix kits were reboxed Heller kits, also owned by Humbrol until 2006. Several Japanese and Chinese kits reboxed too.

2006-
Hornby plc, UK
Outsourced to India
Focus on self-produced kits. Limited reboxing.

Many artists have produced artwork for Airfix kit packaging, most famously [Roy Cross](/wiki/Roy_Cross_(artist)).[[15]](#cite_note-collecting-cross-15)

In 1962 Airfix bought from Rosebud Kitmaster Ltd, its moulds and stock for the [Kitmaster](/wiki/Rosebud_Kitmaster) railway range. The models were adapted to be compatible with Airfix's rolling stock models produced from 1960 which went with Airfix's trackside accessories of a few years earlier.[[16]](#cite_note-16) Only ten of the Kitmaster locomotives were released under Airfix.

From 1975 to 1981 Airfix also manufactured a line of ready-to-run models of British railway stock in [OO gauge](/wiki/OO_gauge) (1⁄76.2 scale). Their details and accuracy were an improvement on rival products from other British manufacturers such as [Hornby](/wiki/Hornby_Railways). The product range expanded rapidly. A model of a [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway) (GWR) 0-4-2 autotank steam locomotive and GWR auto coach are amongst some of the many memorable and important product releases. Airfix also offered an analogue electronics-based multiple train control system (MTC) allowing independent control of locomotives on the same track. Airfix produced a large number of plastic kits for both railway stock and scenic items. Some of these such as the footbridge and engine shed became instantly recognisable to almost every railway modeller in the UK.

The brand label was changed to Great Model Railways (GMR) in 1979, although the Airfix name was still included. However, Airfix left the model railway business in 1981. The models were sold to one of its main competitors [Palitoy](/wiki/Palitoy) which produced the [Mainline](/wiki/Mainline_Railways) range of products. The former Airfix moulds together with the Palitoy-designed 2P 4-4-0 and [Class 56 diesel](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_56) were later re-sold to [Dapol](/wiki/Dapol) Ltd and then subsequently to Hornby. Dapol provided new chassis for the 14xx and Castle. The remainder of the Mainline Railways had been produced for Palitoy by Kader Industries and ownership of those tools remained with Kader, is later used to form the basis of the [Bachmann Branchline](/wiki/Bachmann_Branchline) models. Dapol continues to produce (but not promote) most of the kits but as the moulds (some now over forty years old) wear out the kits are being discontinued. Hornby continues to make 4 mm/ft scale models from the Airfix mouldings.

A monthly magazine, Model Trains, was published by Airfix from January 1980. The magazine included especially good articles aimed at newcomers to the hobby and also included many articles about modelling US and Continental European railways, as well British prototype railways. The publication of Model Trains continued for some years after Airfix ceased ownership in 1981. A change in the editorial team saw the original Model Trains editorial staff launch a new title as Scale Trains, in April 1982. A slight name change followed in April 1984, as Scale Model Trains following the final issue of Model Trains in December 1983. Scale Model Trains ran until June 1995, when a new publisher was found and the magazine was relaunched in 1995 as Model Trains International, the November/December issue being issue number 1. It continues to be published.[[17]](#cite_note-17)

In 2000, [EON Digital Entertainment](/wiki/EON_Digital_Entertainment) released [Airfix Dogfighter](/wiki/Airfix_Dogfighter) for [Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows). The game featured computer representation of Airfix's Second World War-era model aircraft with a total of over 15 playable aircraft, including the German [Messerschmitt Me 163](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163) Komet, and the American [Grumman F6F Hellcat](/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat). The game featured 20 missions, allowing players to play 10 missions as both the Axis and Allies. Players fought their way through the game's 1950s-era house, destroying enemy planes while trying to collect healing glue packets, new model kits, weapons schematics, and paint to customise their aircraft for online battles. Pilots would battle enemy model aircraft as well as U-boats, warships, tanks, flak guns, airships, and fortresses. Players could also design their own fighting emblem, call sign, and even their own battle maps based on the missions in the game. The whole game was an advertising venture, as the paints are Humbrol and the kit upgrades show actual pictures of Airfix packages.

The Airfix history has ensured that the company, its products and its brand has entered modern culture, especially in the [Anglo-centric](/wiki/England) world, in its own right.[[18]](#cite_note-18) In 2008, a TV advertisement for the [Santander bank](/wiki/Grupo_Santander) was produced, featuring a fictitious [Lewis Hamilton](/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton) [Formula One](/wiki/Formula_One) car model.[[19]](#cite_note-19) Demand for this model was such that Airfix later produced a real model kit using the tooling from a similar [Scalextric](/wiki/Scalextric) [slot car](/wiki/Slot_car).[[20]](#cite_note-20)

A life-size model of a [Spitfire](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire) in the style of an Airfix kit was made as part of the BBC TV series [James May's Toy Stories](/wiki/James_May%27s_Toy_Stories) in 2009. The markings of the life-sized model paid homage to Airfix's first aircraft kit released in 1953, including the erroneous BTK squadron code.[[21]](#cite_note-21)

In one of the 'Eric and Ernie at Home' Sketches in the 'Morecambe and Wise Show', Eric Morecambe is seen adding the final touches to the Airfix 1/24 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.1[[22]](#cite_note-22)

Airfix kits were extensively used to create futuristic aircraft in the TV series [Thunderbirds](/wiki/Thunderbirds_(TV_series)), the Airfix girder bridge also features in one of the episodes. A shop existed in the Elstree Borehamwood film studios from which Airfix kit components could be bought in the 1970s. This meant that space ships from the first [Star Wars](/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)) film (Episode 4, 1976) featured such components in the small [Millennium Falcon](/wiki/Millennium_Falcon) models used in long shots. These may have also been used for the space ship models in [Alien](/wiki/Alien_(film)) (1979) by [Ridley Scott](/wiki/Ridley_Scott).[[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)]

- [^](#cite_ref-1) Caddick, Peter (1 September 2006). ["UK | Magazine | 'Airfix made me the man I am'"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5304780.stm). BBC News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080921131201/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5304780.stm) from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-05.

- [^](#cite_ref-2) [Humbrol development complete eight years after factory closed](https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-28994525) on the BBC, Published 30 August 2014

- [^](#cite_ref-3) May, 2009, p. 132

- [^](#cite_ref-4) May, 2009, p. 135

- [^](#cite_ref-5) Arthur Ward, The Boys' Book of Airfix: Who Says You Ever Have to Grow Up?, Random House, 2009, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-09-192898-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-192898-2), [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-09-192898-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-192898-8), ([page 49](https://books.google.com/books?id=sQqlOBvWzE4C&dq=James%20Hay-Stevens%20airfix&pg=PT50))

- ^ [a](#cite_ref-JamesMaySpitfire_6-0) [b](#cite_ref-JamesMaySpitfire_6-1) May, 2009, p. 142-143

- [^](#cite_ref-7) [Knight 1999](#CITEREFKnight1999), p. 7

- [^](#cite_ref-8) The Boys Book of Airfix p 134

- [^](#cite_ref-9) [Airfix Toy Soldiers](http://www.airfixtoysoldiers.com/)

- [^](#cite_ref-10) May, 2009, p. 145

- [^](#cite_ref-11) Ward, 2009, p. 135-6

- [^](#cite_ref-12) May, 2009, p. 255

- [^](#cite_ref-13) Iyer, Vik (August 31, 2006). ["Airfix model firm goes into administration"](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article623642.ece). Times Online. Retrieved 2010-06-08.[[dead link](/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)]

- [^](#cite_ref-14) ["Acquires Assets of Airfix Humbrol — News & Events"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090519005417/http://www.hornby.com/news-events/news-story-1,1,HNS.html). Hornby. 2006-11-10. Archived from [the original](https://www.hornby.com/news-events/news-story-1,1,HNS.html) on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2009-11-05.

- [^](#cite_ref-collecting-cross_15-0) May, 2009, p. 140

- [^](#cite_ref-16) ["Airfix Related Items"](http://www.airfixrailways.co.uk/History.htm). Airfixrailways.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-06-08.

- [^](#cite_ref-17) ["Account Suspended"](http://www.modeltrainsinternational.co.uk/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi). www.modeltrainsinternational.co.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2022.

- [^](#cite_ref-18) ["Airfix: kit, model or toy?"](http://www.open2.net/blogs/money/index.php/money/2007/12/03/airfix_kit_model_or_toy). Open2.net. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080907073525/http://www.open2.net/blogs/money/index.php/money/2007/12/03/airfix_kit_model_or_toy) from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-05.

- [^](#cite_ref-19) ["Digital Arts"](http://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/news/index.cfm?newsid=10665). Digitalartsonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-11-05.

- [^](#cite_ref-20) Darley, Andy (3 November 2008). ["Airfix Lewis Hamilton kit coming soon"](http://www.britsonpole.com/airfix-lewis-hamilton-kit-coming-soon-post4820). www.britsonpole.com. Retrieved 24 December 2009.

- [^](#cite_ref-21) May, 2009, p.162

- [^](#cite_ref-22) ["The Morecambe & Wise Archive 👓🌞♥ on X"](https://twitter.com/eric_ernie_col/status/1487693372613611524). twitter.com. Retrieved 2024-01-06.

- Knight, Stephen (1999). Let's Stick Together: An Appreciation of Kitmaster and Airfix Railway Kits. Clopthill: Irwell Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-871608-90-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871608-90-2).

- May, James (2009). James May's Toy Stories. London: Conway. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781844861071](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844861071).

- Ward, Arthur (1999). Airfix: Celebrating 50 Years of the Greatest Plastic Kits in the World. London: Ted Smart. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-00-765782-X](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-765782-X).

/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Airfix](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Airfix).

- [Official website](https://uk.airfix.com/) https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408697#P856

- [Sticky future for kitmaker Airfix](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5301438.stm) at [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News), 31 August 2006

- [Hornby press release on acquisition](https://web.archive.org/web/20070817123616/http://www.hornby.com/news-events/news-story-1,1,HNS.html)
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现在让我搜索另一家英国知名模型公司：


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Corgi Toys
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Corgi Toys/wiki/File:Corgi_company_logo.png
Product type[Die cast toy](/wiki/Die_cast_toy)
Owner[Hornby](/wiki/Hornby_Railways) (2008–present)[[1]](#cite_note-hist-1)
Country[Wales](/wiki/Wales), UK
Introduced1956; 70 years ago
Related brands

- [Dinky](/wiki/Dinky_Toys)

- [Husky](/wiki/Husky_Toys)

MarketsWorldwide
Previous owners

- [Mettoy](/wiki/Mettoy) (1956–84)

- [Mattel](/wiki/Mattel) (1989–95)

- [Corgi Classics Ltd.](/wiki/Corgi_Classics)(1995–2008)[[1]](#cite_note-hist-1)

Website[corgi.co.uk](https://uk.corgi.co.uk/)

Corgi Toys ([trademark](/wiki/Trademark)) is the [brand](/wiki/Brand) name of a range of [die-cast toy](/wiki/Die-cast_toy) vehicles created by [Mettoy](/wiki/Mettoy) and currently owned by [Hornby](/wiki/Hornby_Railways),[[2]](#cite_note-Guardian-2) after it acquired the [Corgi Classics Limited Company](/wiki/Corgi_Classics) in 2008.[[3]](#cite_note-et1-3)

The [Mettoy](/wiki/Mettoy) ("Metal Toy") company was founded in 1933 by [German](/wiki/German_people) [émigré](/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9) Philip Ullmann in [Northampton](/wiki/Northampton), England, where he was later joined by [South African](/wiki/South_African_people)–born [German](/wiki/Germans_in_Africa) Arthur Katz, who had previously worked for Ullmann at his toy company Tipp and Co of [Nuremberg](/wiki/Nuremberg). After dabbling for some years in the model car market, they decided to produce a range of [die-cast toy](/wiki/Die-cast_toy) vehicles as competition to [Meccano](/wiki/Meccano)'s [Dinky](/wiki/Dinky_Toy) [model cars](/wiki/Model_car), which had dominated the British market for many years. "Corgi Toys" were introduced in the UK in July 1956 and were manufactured in [Swansea](/wiki/Swansea), [Wales](/wiki/Wales), for 27 years before the company went into liquidation. A management buy-out re-formed the company as Corgi Toys Limited in March 1984. In 1989, the management sold the Corgi brand to [Mattel](/wiki/Mattel) and the factory was retained under the name of "Microlink Industries Ltd". In 1995, Corgi regained its independence as a new company, [Corgi Classics Limited](/wiki/Corgi_Classics), and moved to new premises in Leicester. The Corgi brand was acquired by [Hornby](/wiki/Hornby_Railways) in 2008.[[2]](#cite_note-Guardian-2)

The range was exported worldwide and sold in large numbers. Some of the best known and most popular models were of cars made famous in film and television such as the [Batmobile](/wiki/Batmobile), [Chitty Chitty Bang Bang](/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang_(car)) and [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond)'s [Aston Martin DB5](/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB5) – which remains the largest selling toy car ever produced. Although the largest single vehicle type featured in the Corgi Toys range were models of cars from manufacturers around the world, this article sub-divides vehicles into genres, wherever possible, to allow a more detailed look at the variety of models produced by the company.

/wiki/File:Nick%27s_Pics_044.jpg204 Rover 90 and 205 Riley Pathfinder
Mettoy became established in [Northampton](/wiki/Northampton) and within six years of the company's founding, the Northampton factory had 600 employees.[[4]](#cite_note-Indie-obit-4)
A production plant was built at [Fforestfach](/wiki/Fforestfach) in [Swansea](/wiki/Swansea), [South Wales](/wiki/South_Wales), to manufacture the new range of Corgi Toys. This provided many new jobs in an area of high unemployment following the scaling down of local coal mining operations.[[5]](#cite_note-V&A1-5)

Prior to the introduction of Corgi Toys, Mettoy mainly produced tin plate toys. However, in the early 1950s, they began producing a few products in cast metal. The first was a large scale wind-up racer made with a cast aluminium body and tin plate wheels. The body material was soon changed to die cast zinc and it was refitted with cast wheels and moulded rubber tyres. Other models followed and the product line was given the name "Castoys." These were the direct ancestors of Corgi Toys.

/wiki/File:Nick%27s_Pics_045.jpg305 [Triumph TR3](/wiki/Triumph_TR3)
The name 'Corgi Toys' was chosen by Philip Ullmann in honour of the company's new home, taken from the Welsh breed of dog, the [Corgi](/wiki/Welsh_Corgi), and the iconic Corgi dog logo branded the new range. The name was short and easy to remember, further aligning the range with their rival Dinky Toys. Corgi Toys also included plastic glazing,[[6]](#cite_note-Autocar196712-6) which lent the models a greater authenticity, and they carried the advertising slogan "the ones with windows".

The 1956 releases were all familiar British vehicles. Six family saloon cars; [Ford Consul](/wiki/Ford_Consul) (200/200M), [Austin A50 Cambridge](/wiki/Austin_A50_Cambridge) (201/201M), [Morris Cowley](/wiki/Morris_Cowley) (202/202M), [Vauxhall Velox](/wiki/Vauxhall_Velox) (203/203M), [Rover 90](/wiki/Rover_90) (204/204M), [Riley Pathfinder](/wiki/Riley_Pathfinder) (205/205M) and [Hillman Husky](/wiki/Hillman_Husky) (206/206M),[[6]](#cite_note-Autocar196712-6) and two sports cars; [Austin-Healey 100](/wiki/Austin-Healey_100) (300) and [Triumph TR2](/wiki/Triumph_TR2) (301).

Initially, models were issued both in free-rolling form, and (except the larger commercial vehicles and sports cars with low-slung bodies) with friction drive motors. The Mechanical versions, as they were known, were indicated by an 'M' suffix to the model number and were produced in different colour schemes. They were issued with tougher die-cast bases to support the extra weight of the motor. Mechanical versions did not sell as well as the free-rolling versions, partly due to a significantly higher purchase price, and were phased out in 1960 with [Ford Thunderbird](/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird) (214M) the last of the line. One particular problem that was not anticipated was that it was possible to lubricate the "motor" using oil through a hole in the base, but the oil tended to splatter around inside and cloud up the windows. The rigid die-case bases which were are originally limited to the "M" versions were retained and became the standard for Corgi toys.

## Expansion and innovation
[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Corgi_Toys&action=edit&section=2)]

/wiki/File:Nick%27s_Pics_047.jpg309 Aston Martin DB4 Competition Model
British cars dominated the releases at the beginning, reflecting the company's concentration on the home market, but by 1957 new markets were being explored and the first European car to be modelled was the [Citroën DS19](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS19) (210) issued in December of that year. The first American car, the [Studebaker Golden Hawk](/wiki/Studebaker_Golden_Hawk) (211/211M), was released in February 1958 and by the early 1960s the Corgi range was being exported widely, finding particular popularity in Europe, Australia, Canada, the United States of America and areas of southeast Asia such as Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong, and gradually more foreign vehicles were included to appeal to these new markets.

/wiki/File:Nick%27s_pics_067.jpg241 Ghia L6.4
Models were issued on a monthly basis and the range grew quickly to include vehicles of all types. Gradually the models became more sophisticated with the addition of such features as 'Glidamatic' spring suspension and a detailed interior on the [Renault Floride](/wiki/Renault_Floride) (222) in October 1959, and the fibre-optic style 'Trans-o-Lite' illuminating lights system first seen on the Superior Air-Ground Ambulance Service on Cadillac Chassis (437) in October 1962. The early type of interior which was known as 'vac-formed', was produced by stretching a thin sheet of acetate over a mould by means of a vacuum, and lasted for three years until being replaced by the crisper, more detailed injection-moulded type first seen in the Thames 'Airborne' caravan (420) in February 1962.

/wiki/File:Corgi_Bentley_Continental.jpg224 Bentley Continental
The Corgi design team came up with the first model with an opening feature in February 1960, the [Aston Martin DB4](/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB4) (218) which had an opening bonnet. Steerable front wheels, jewelled headlights and rear lights and an opening boot complete with spare wheel were added on the [Bentley Continental](/wiki/Bentley_S1_Continental) Sports Saloon (224) in April 1961, and by October 1963 with the release of the [Ghia L6.4 (241)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ghia_L6.4_(Chrysler_base)_west_of_Bedford_front_three_quarters.JPG) new levels of authenticity were reached. This model featured a number of 'firsts' with not only an opening bonnet, but also opening doors and boot, and a detailed interior with a rear view mirror, folding front seats, and even a model corgi dog sitting on the rear parcel shelf. At introduction, the Ghia sold for eight shillings and sixpence, and even at this relatively high price around 1.7 million were sold before being withdrawn in 1969. By contrast, only twenty five examples of the real car were completed![[7]](#cite_note-7) Another popular model was the [Jaguar Mark X](/wiki/Jaguar_Mark_X) (#238; 1962–1967) — over 1.1 million were sold, and hardly any other model was released in as many colours.[[8]](#cite_note-8)

In 1964, Mettoy introduced a range of smaller scale vehicles called [Husky Toys](/wiki/Husky_Toys). These retailed at a lower retail price and were available exclusively through F.W.Woolworth & Co, and were designed to venture into the market dominated for many years by Lesney's Matchbox range.

In 1964 Corgi diversified into the adult collector market and released a range of highly detailed models of vintage cars called '[Corgi Classics](/wiki/Corgi_Classics)'. Marketed at a higher price point than Lesney's [Matchbox](/wiki/Matchbox_(brand)) 'Models of Yesteryear', they met with mixed success. Initial releases were a 1927 [Bentley](/wiki/Bentley) finished in green (9001) or red (9002), an open 1915 [Ford Model T](/wiki/Ford_Model_T) coloured black (9011) and yellow (9012), and a version finished in blue with the hood raised (9013), a 1910 [Daimler](/wiki/Daimler_Company) 38 finished in red (9021) and a 1911 [Renault](/wiki/Renault) 12/16 finished in lavender (9031) or pale yellow (9032).

Two years later, a 1912 [Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Silver_Ghost) coloured silver (9041) was added to the range, which was updated in 1970 to feature American TV stars [The Hardy Boys](/wiki/The_Hardy_Boys), discussed later in this article. A Ford Model T van in Lyons Tea livery (9014) appeared in the 1967 Corgi catalogue but was never released. The Corgi Classics range was discontinued in 1969, although the name was later revived for a range of adult collectable models in the 1980s.

Following the success of the Dinky Supertoys range of die-cast trucks, Corgi decided to launch a range of heavy commercial vehicles in October 1957 with the release of the Carrimore Car Transporter (1101) featuring a [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford) S-Type tractor unit with full glazing in keeping with the rest of the Corgi range, and the company's first gift set including the Carrimore Car Transporter and four cars (GS1); [Austin Cambridge](/wiki/Austin_Cambridge) (201), [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars) 2.4 (208), [Austin-Healey](/wiki/Austin-Healey) (300) and [MGA](/wiki/MG_MGA) (302) in time for the Christmas market in December 1957.

Early models in the new 'Corgi Major' range were issued in sturdy two piece boxes featuring the blue and yellow colour scheme that had recently been adopted across the entire Corgi range, later models in the 1960s using clear fronted packaging in line with the rest of the Corgi Toys range. The Carrimore Low Loader (1100) was the next release in April 1958 which was a low loader trailer attached to the Bedford cab and was followed by the similar Machinery Carrier low loader (1104) in September 1958. In November 1958 the Euclid TC12 Bulldozer (1102) was issued. A large earth mover which was being widely used in the construction of the M1, the UK's first motorway, the Euclid factory was only two miles from Corgi headquarters which allowed easy access to all the data required to produce a very accurate model. April 1959 saw the release of the Bedford Fuel Tanker in the red livery of 'Mobilgas' (1110) and this model was revamped in pale blue and white as the Bedford Milk Tanker (1129) in May 1962, and both were later re-issued with a more modern [Bedford TK](/wiki/Bedford_TK) cab.

The Midland Red Motor Express Coach (1120), issued in March 1960, was a model of the latest high speed coach for the motorway age fitted with a turbo-charged engine and capable of 100 mph, and a model of the pioneering [SR.N1](/wiki/SR.N1) [hovercraft](/wiki/Hovercraft) (1119) was released in June 1960. In November 1962 the new Bedford TK cab unit was also fitted to the existing Carrimore Car Transporter (1105) and was also included in a new Car Transporter Gift Set (GS28) in December 1963 along with four cars; [Ford Consul Classic](/wiki/Ford_Consul_Classic) (234), [Mercedes-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) 220 SE (230), [Renault Floride](/wiki/Renault_Floride) (222) and [Fiat 2100](/wiki/Fiat_2100) (232). The [Ecurie Ecosse](/wiki/Ecurie_Ecosse) Racing Transporter (1126) issued in October 1961 was a racing car transporter custom built for the Scottish motor racing team Ecurie Ecosse, with room for three cars and an on-board workshop.

The Corgi model featured operational ramps, a sliding door revealing the workshop complete with a miniature lathe, operational steering, and was finished in authentic dark blue. Racing Transporter Set (GS16) was also released in October 1961 featuring the Ecurie Ecosse transporter along with three racing cars; [Vanwall](/wiki/Vanwall) (150), [BRM](/wiki/BRM) (156) and [Lotus XI] (151).

The Simon Snorkel Aerial Rescue Truck (1127) was issued in September 1964. This model fire engine was based on a Bedford TK chassis and featured an extendable centre-hinged arm with rescue cradle complete with fire fighter figure holding a die-cast water cannon which could be manoeuvred by means of a rotating base and wheels and gears. The model stayed in the range until being updated with a more modern Dennis cab (1126) in June 1977.

/wiki/File:Nick%27s_Pics_059.jpg1142 Holmes Wrecker Recovery Vehicle
A new cab unit was introduced in September 1965. The [Ford H](/wiki/Ford_H_series) Cab and Detachable Trailer (1137) was an American truck produced by Corgi to appeal to the lucrative US market and featured a forward tilting cab revealing a highly detailed engine, realistic moveable door mirrors and die-cast metal air horns and side ladders. The large box trailer featured sliding side doors, opening rear doors and was finished in the blue and silver 'Express Services' livery. The leap in quality of this model proved that the Major range had entered a new era, and it continued to sell well until 1972. The new Ford cab was used again in April 1966 with a new version of the Carrimore Car Transporter (1138) which had been re-designed to carry up to six Corgi cars, and which also featured in Gift Set 41 along with six cars; [Ford Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina) Estate (440), [Rover 2000](/wiki/Rover_P6) (252), [Hillman Imp](/wiki/Hillman_Imp) (251), [Mini Cooper](/wiki/Mini_Cooper) De-Luxe (249), [Austin Seven](/wiki/Austin_7) (225) and Mini Cooper Monte Carlo 1966 (321). This gift set was initially only available by mail order but was finally issued in time for Christmas in December 1967.

The Holmes Wrecker Recovery Vehicle (1142) issued in May 1967 was also based on the Ford H series tractor unit, and featured twin boom die-cast recovery cranes with hooks attached to cotton lines that could be extended by winding a pair of spare wheels attached to the sides of the vehicle, and also included were two model mechanics previously seen with the 'Express Services' truck. The [American LaFrance](/wiki/American_LaFrance) Aerial Rescue Truck (1143) was added to the Major range in October 1968 and was a highly detailed model of a tiller/ladder truck (or hook and ladder) from the United States of America. It featured an extendable ladder on a rotating base complete with plastic ladder extensions and model firemen and has recently been re-issued by the modern Corgi company in a number of authentic liveries.

The Carrimore Car Transporter Mark IV using the recently introduced [Scammell](/wiki/Scammell) cab was also released in April 1969 and a gift set (GS48) featuring the new transporter and six cars; [MGC](/wiki/MG_MGC) GT (345), Mini Cooper Monte Carlo 1967 (339), [Sunbeam Imp](/wiki/Sunbeam_Imp) Monte Carlo 1967 (340), [Mini Cooper S](/wiki/Mini_Cooper_S) Magnifique (334), [Morris Mini Minor](/wiki/Morris_Mini_Minor) (226) and [The Saint](/wiki/The_Saint_(TV_series))'s [Volvo P1800](/wiki/Volvo_P1800) (258) soon followed. By October 1970 the Carrimore Car Transporter Mark V (1146) had grown to three decks and Gift Set 20 again featured the transporter complete with six cars now fitted with Whizzwheels; [Lancia Fulvia](/wiki/Lancia_Fulvia) Zagato (372), [Marcos](/wiki/Marcos_(automobile)) 3 Litre (377), [MGC](/wiki/MG_MGC) GT (378), [Ford Capri](/wiki/Ford_Capri) 3 Litre (311), The Saint's [Volvo P1800](/wiki/Volvo_P1800) (201) and [Pontiac Firebird](/wiki/Pontiac_Firebird) (343). The colour schemes applied to some cars in the Car Transporter Gift Sets were unique to models included in these sets, such as the MGC GT (345) finished in orange, and today are particularly collectable. The Scammell Handyman Ferrymasters Truck (1147) issued in December 1969, proved to be the last new application for the Scammell cab and was finished in the authentic yellow and white livery of the Ferrymasters haulage company.

The Major range continued into the 1970s but along with the Corgi Toys range suffered somewhat from the constraints on development budgets that the company was forced to make. The [Mercedes-Benz Unimog](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Unimog) and snowplough (1150) was released in February 1971 and another American cab unit was introduced in October 1971. The new [Mack](/wiki/Mack_Trucks) was coupled with a fuel tanker in the livery of "Esso" (1152) in October 1971 and a Transcontinental trailer (1100) in November 1971, and fitted with an updated version of the Priestman Cub Shovel now converted to become a crane in October 1972 as the Mack Priestman Crane Truck (1154).

/wiki/File:Corgi_Major_%2B_Ford_Transcontinental_tank_truck_Gulf.jpg1160 Corgi Major [Ford Transcontinental](/wiki/Ford_Transcontinental) tank truck [Gulf](/wiki/Gulf_Oil) from 1976
A new [Berliet](/wiki/Berliet) cab was introduced in May 1974 as the Crane Fruehauf Discharge Dumper (1102), a large articulated aggregate carrier for use on construction sites, and the new cab was also used as the Berliet Wrecker Truck (1144) in March 1975 updating the aforementioned Holmes Wrecker, which had been in the range since 1967. The Pathfinder Airport Crash Truck (1103) released in September 1974 had won the Design Council Engineering Award for its manufacturer Chubb, and the Corgi miniature included an internal water tank allowing water to be squirted through die-cast water cannons by pumping a rubber bulb. Another new cab was introduced in April 1976: The [Ford Transcontinental](/wiki/Ford_Transcontinental) was designed for long range treks across the European continent and was first issued coupled to the fuel tanker previously seen with the earlier Mack cab, also in 'Esso' livery (1157) or "Gulf" livery (1160), and, later in February 1982, in the livery of "Guinness" (1169).

## Circus vehicle models
[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Corgi_Toys&action=edit&section=5)]

The [Chipperfield's Circus](/wiki/Chipperfield%27s_Circus) Crane Truck (1121) was the first of the highly successful and much sought after range of Chipperfield's Circus vehicles produced by Corgi Toys during the 1960s, and was issued in October 1960. It was based on a large International truck fitted with a metal crane, hook and pulley, and painted in the traditional Chipperfield's Circus livery of red and blue, as were all the models in the range. It was followed by the Circus Animal Cage Trailer (1123) in January 1961 which featured two two-part opening doors revealing a large cage with metal bars.

These two models were later packaged together as the Chipperfield's Circus Set (GS12). An updated version of the Karrier Bantam Mobile Butcher Shop was introduced in January 1962 as the Circus Booking Office (426). The window insert of the original depicting joints of meat was replaced with a new one with circus advertising posters. In April 1962 the existing Land Rover 109 model was issued along with a trailer carrying a large cage and a model elephant as Chipperfield's Circus Land Rover and Elephant Cage on Trailer (GS19).

The Chipperfield's Circus Vehicles Set (GS23) was issued in September 1962 featuring all the Chipperfield's models released to date, and today this is one of the most desirable gift sets issued by the company. The Chipperfield's Circus Horse Transporter (1130) was released in October 1962 featuring the new [Bedford TK](/wiki/Bedford_TK) tractor unit and an articulated trailer with models of circus horses, and in June 1964 the Bedford TK tractor unit was adapted with a large high-sided open top 'wooden' box as the Giraffe Transporter (503) complete with models of a mother and baby giraffe.

The [Land Rover](/wiki/Land_Rover), which had been adapted as a 'Vote For Corgi' campaigning vehicle as a tie-in with the 1964 UK General Election, was re-issued in September 1965 in the red and blue colours of Chipperfield's as the Chipperfield's Circus Parade Vehicle (487) with a clown and chimpanzee replacing the political canvassers of the original, and a 'The Circus is Here' banner across the bonnet. The Chipperfield's Circus Menagerie Transporter (1139) which was released in October 1968 featured a new [Scammell](/wiki/Scammell) Handyman cab and a flatbed articulated trailer which carried a load of three clear plastic boxes designed to represent cages, each containing models of lions, bears and tigers.

The Chipperfield's Circus Crane and Cage (1144), issued in April 1969, again featured the Scammell tractor unit but modified using the Holmes Wrecker platform with a large crane mounted on a pivoting base to the rear, and included another of the clear plastic animal cages with a model rhinoceros inside. The final model in the Chipperfield's Circus range was released in January 1970. The Chipperfield's Performing Poodles Pick Up (511) was an update of the earlier Kennel Club Wagon (itself an adaptation of the [Chevrolet Impala](/wiki/Chevrolet_Impala) first issued in 1960) and included model poodles and trainer.

There were no further circus related releases until the Jean Richard Circus Set (GS48) which was issued in November 1978. This large set included models of the new 1/36 scale Land Rover Estate and [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet) Van which had been updated to become a parade vehicle and mobile booking office respectively. Also included were an animal cage trailer and models of horses and an elephant and figures of a clown and a ringmaster, together with various Big Top accessories.

Another circus themed release was the Berliet tractor unit which had been adapted to become a human cannonball launcher complete with die-cast cannon attached to the rear and a human cannonball figure that could be fired from the cannon by means of depressing a button.

/wiki/File:Nick%27s_Pics_033.jpg151A [Lotus XI](/wiki/Lotus_Eleven)
Throughout the company's history, Corgi Toys have been closely associated with modelling Grand Prix and Formula 1 racing cars. The first issued was the [Vanwall](/wiki/Vanwall) Grand Prix car (150) issued in July 1957. Finished in green and carrying racing number 3, it was a scale model of the car driven by [Stirling Moss](/wiki/Stirling_Moss). This was followed in December 1958 by a [BRM](/wiki/BRM) Grand Prix car (106) also with green paintwork, and both cars featured in the Racing Car Set (GS5) from 1958, along with the [Lotus XI Le Mans racing car](/wiki/Lotus_Eleven) (151) from July 1958. The Vanwall, however, had been re-coloured red.

It was followed in December 1964 by the Lotus-Climax F1 car (155). Finished in an authentic [British Racing Green](/wiki/British_Racing_Green) and carrying racing number 1, it represented [Jim Clark](/wiki/Jim_Clark)'s 1963 world championship winning Lotus 25, and in 1967 it was joined by the Cooper-Maserati F1 car (156) painted blue. The Lotus-Climax and the Cooper-Maserati were re-engineered in 1969 to include steerable front wheels operated by moving the driver from side to side, and a high level rear wing in the style of real Formula 1 cars of the time. They were re-coloured orange in the case of the Lotus-Climax (158) and yellow in the case of the Cooper-Maserati (159). A [Lotus](/wiki/Lotus_Cars) Racing Car set (GS37) was issued in August 1966 containing the Lotus-Climax F1 car, two [Lotus Elans](/wiki/Lotus_Elan) and a [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen) breakdown tow truck. Another Ferrari was issued in February 1965, the Ferrari Berlinetta (314) ([Ferrari 250 LM](/wiki/Ferrari_250_LM)) which had competed at the 1964 Le Mans 24 Hour race, and in May 1967 another successful sports racer, the Porsche Carrera 6 (330) ([Porsche 906](/wiki/Porsche_906)), was released.

In 1972 Corgi worked with the newly formed Grand Prix Association to produce a series of 1/36 scale Formula 1 racing cars. The first was the Yardley [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren) M19A (151) driven by New Zealander and 1967 World Champion [Denny Hulme](/wiki/Denny_Hulme) which was followed by the Brooke Bond Oxo Surtees TS9 driven by 1964 World Champion [John Surtees](/wiki/John_Surtees) (150), later followed by a Surtees TS9B in the livery of Italian sponsors 'Pagnossin', driven by [Andrea de Adamich](/wiki/Andrea_de_Adamich) (153).

These were the first models produced in the larger 1/36 scale instead of the familiar O scale preferred by Dinky and Corgi up to this date (varying between 1/43 to about 1/50 for larger vehicles). Within five years the whole Corgi range would be replaced by vehicles in 1/36 scale.

1973 saw the release of [Jacky Ickx](/wiki/Jacky_Ickx)'s Ferrari 312 B2 (152) and the John Player Special [Lotus 72](/wiki/Lotus_72) (154) of World Champion (1972 and 1974) [Emerson Fittipaldi](/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi) or [Ronnie Peterson](/wiki/Ronnie_Peterson), and in 1974 the [Shadow](/wiki/Shadow_Racing_Cars) F1 car was issued in both UOP livery (155) as driven by Jackie Oliver, and as [Graham Hill](/wiki/Graham_Hill)'s Embassy Shadow (156). Scottish multiple World Champion [Jackie Stewart](/wiki/Jackie_Stewart)'s Elf [Tyrrell](/wiki/Tyrrell_Racing) F1 car (158) was also released along with the STP Patrick Eagle (159) driven to victory in the 1973 [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500) by Gordon Johncock.

/wiki/File:Corgi_Bluebird-Proteus.jpg153 Proteus-Campbell Bluebird
The final two models in the series were the [Hesketh 308](/wiki/Hesketh_308) F1 car (190) driven by future English World Champion [James Hunt](/wiki/James_Hunt) issued in 1976, and the six wheeled Tyrrell Project 34 driven by Frenchman Patrick Depailler issued in Elf livery (161) in 1977 and First National City Travellers Checks livery (162) which was released in 1978. Two Formula 1 cars were also issued in 1/18 scale, the John Player Special Lotus 72 (190) in 1974 and the Marlboro McLaren (191) in 1975.

The Proteus-Campbell [Bluebird](/wiki/Bluebird-Proteus_CN7) Record Car (153) was issued in September 1960 and was modelled on the vehicle with which [Donald Campbell](/wiki/Donald_Campbell) was to set a new Land Speed Record on 17 July 1964. The Corgi design team were given extensive access to the real car in order to produce their scale model, even receiving paint samples to enable them to create an exact colour match. However, a lighter blue was chosen for the model eventually. An example of the model was presented to Donald Campbell by young members of the Corgi Club.

/wiki/File:Nick%27s_Pics_052.jpg475 [Citroen DS Safari](/wiki/Citroen_DS_Safari) 1964 Winter Olympics & 499 Citroen DS Safari 1968 Grenoble Olympics
Models following themes were released over the years. In January 1964, Corgi updated the existing [Citroën DS](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS) Safari to become a promotional vehicle for the 1964 Winter Olympics (475), complete with a skier figure, four model skis and two model ski poles. Painted white and with a decal of the Olympic rings logo on the bonnet, this model then reverted to a 'Corgi Ski Club' version the following year.

It was revamped again in November 1967 for the 1968 Winter Olympics (499), this time painted white with a blue roof, and with a model toboggan on the roof rack along with a figure of a tobogganist and a pair of skis and poles, and a stylish 'Grenoble Olympiade 1968' decal on the bonnet. The final version introduced in 1970 was an Alpine Rescue vehicle (510), painted white with a red roof and which came complete with figures of a St Bernard dog and rescuer, and today is the rarest of the versions.

/wiki/File:Nick%27s_Pics_037.jpg340 [Sunbeam Imp](/wiki/Sunbeam_Imp) 1967 Monte Carlo Rally, 322 Rover 2000 1965 Monte Carlo Rally, 339 Mini Cooper S 1967 Monte Carlo Rally
The [Monte Carlo Rally](/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Rally), held annually in January, provided a rich source of model cars between 1964 and 1967. By following the event closely, Corgi Toys were able to issue a model of the winning car shortly after the end of the rally Often there was not even enough time to produce a unique box for the new model, which had to make do with a hastily produced sticker applied to a standard issue box for a similar model.

The 1964 winner, [Paddy Hopkirk](/wiki/Paddy_Hopkirk)'s [Mini](/wiki/Mini) Cooper S (317) released in February 1964, featured jewelled headlights and a rally lamp on the roof, and was finished in the BMC team colours of red with a white roof with authentic [Monte Carlo Rally](/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Rally) transfers. Three Monte Carlo Rally cars were issued in 1965, the winning Mini Cooper S of [Timo Mäkinen](/wiki/Timo_M%C3%A4kinen) (321) in February, finished in the same red with a white roof, and three jewelled rally lamps, and in April a [Rover 2000](/wiki/Rover_P6) (322) in maroon with a white roof with two jewelled rally lamps in the grill and a [Citroën DS21](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS21) (323) with four small jewelled rally lamps and finished in pale blue with a white roof complete with roof aerial.

All three of these models were available in the Monte Carlo Gift Set (GS38) also issued in April 1965; a highly prized set for today's collector. Another Mini Cooper S in Monte Carlo Rally finish was issued the January of following year complete with two jewelled rally lamps in the grille and the signatures of the driver Timo Mäkinen and his co-driver Paul Easter printed on the roof. The model number 321 was carried over from the 1965 car. A [Hillman Imp](/wiki/Hillman_Imp) was also issued as a Monte Carlo Rally car (328), finished in blue with a white flash along the sides and two jewelled rally lamps, and was driven by an all-female team of [Rosemary Smith](/wiki/Rosemary_Smith) and Valerie Domleo in the 1966 event.

1967 was the final year that Corgi issued Monte Carlo Rally cars, and the famous Mini Cooper S (339) appeared yet again in March, this time with four jewelled rally lamps in the grill, a sump guard and two spare wheels on a roof rack borrowed from the 'Surfing' Mini Traveller (485) from 1965. The 1967 Monte Carlo Rally Mini Cooper S stayed in the Corgi range until 1972, spanning two different castings. Another Mini Cooper S (333) was released in February 1967 carrying the same red and white paintwork, but as campaigned in the 1967 RAC/Sun rally by Tony Fall and Mike Wood, along with another Rover 2000 (322) from the same event finished in white with a matt black bonnet. The final rally car was the Sunbeam Imp (340) issued in March 1967, which featured four jewelled rally lamps and was finished in blue with a white flash and front panel. In December 1965 a Volkswagen 1200 Beetle was issued in East African Safari finish (256). This model featured an opening boot and engine cover and steerable front wheels operated by a spare tyre on the roof of the car.

Three years later, in July 1969, Corgi issued the winning Hillman Hunter from the [1968 London to Sydney Marathon](/wiki/1968_London_to_Sydney_Marathon) (302), complete with Take-Off Wheels, roof mounted tool box and a plastic kangaroo guard across the front of the car. This time the packaging included a model kangaroo and details of the event, and in February 1970 a model of the unique 4wd [Ford Capri](/wiki/Ford_Capri) 3-Litre rally car (303) driven by [Roger Clark](/wiki/Roger_Clark_(rally_driver)) was released. A model of the successful [Datsun 240Z](/wiki/Datsun_240Z) rally car in East African Safari Finish (394) was issued in October 1972 and in May 1973 the Datsun 240Z was also issued in "US Rally" finish (396). This, in fact, was an authentic model of John Morton's 300 bhp BRE-Datsun 240Z which won the 1970 and 1971 SCCA class C/P championships. The [Ferrari 365GTB/4 Daytona](/wiki/Ferrari_Daytona) as raced at the 1973 [Le Mans 24 Hours](/wiki/Le_Mans_24_Hours) race, with JCB and Corgi sponsorship (324), was released in June 1973 along with another in white/red/blue livery inspired by a 1972 Le Mans entry (323). In July 1973 the [Porsche](/wiki/Porsche)-[Audi](/wiki/Audi) 917/10 (397) from the [Can-Am](/wiki/Can-Am) race series was issued with L&M cigarette sponsorship.

In the early 1970s Corgi Toys issued a range of dragsters in response not only to the increased interest in this form of motorsport in the UK, focused on the [Santa Pod](/wiki/Santa_Pod) Raceway in Northamptonshire, but also the attention brought to these vehicles by [Mattel](/wiki/Mattel)'s [Hot Wheels](/wiki/Hot_Wheels). The first to be released was the 'Quartermaster' Dragster (162) in April 1971, closely followed by the 'Commuter' Dragster (161) in June. Both were models of real vehicles, and were of the 'rail' dragster variety.

The first 'Funny Car' dragster was the Santa Pod "Gloworm" Dragster (163) issued in July 1971, and which was based on the existing Ford Capri 3-Litre casting. Modifications allowed the body to be hinged from the rear, and by pressing a button secreted in the front bumper the entire body rose, by means of a spring, to reveal a roll cage and driver within and a detailed V8 engine. The next release was a figment of the Corgi design team's imagination. The "Organ Grinder" Mustang Funny Car (166), which was issued in October 1971, was purely an update of the Ford Mustang (320) first seen in 1965, complete with huge rear wheels and headers resembling organ pipes fitted to the V8 engine. In December 1971 the Ison Brothers "Wild Honey" Dragster (164) was released which was a fully customised 'gasser' based on a 1930s Austin Seven saloon. The Adams Brothers "Drag-Star" (165) released in February 1972 was a four engined machine produced in conjunction with designers the Adams Brothers, and the earlier "Quartermaster" Dragster was updated in October 1972 as the John Woolfe Radio Luxembourg 208 Dragster (170).

## Film and television models
[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Corgi_Toys&action=edit&section=7)]

Corgi Toys introduced the first of the many film and television tie-in models that made the company famous in March 1965, with [The Saint](/wiki/The_Saint_(TV_series))'s [Volvo P1800](/wiki/Volvo_P1800) (258) from the British television series [The Saint](/wiki/The_Saint_(TV_series)) starring [Roger Moore](/wiki/Roger_Moore). This was an update of the existing Volvo P1800 model that had been issued in 1962, now finished in white and featuring The Saint's logo on the bonnet and a model of The Saint in the drivers seat. The Corgi executives were impressed by how The Saint version sold in much larger numbers than the regular version, despite the fact that on the TV there was no Saint's logo on the car. With the second in the range of film and TV related models Corgi revolutionised the British toy car industry.

/wiki/File:1964_Corgi_Aston_Martin_DB5.jpg270 James Bond Aston Martin DB5, second issue from 1968 produced by Corgi Toys as a tie-in to the film "Goldfinger"
The most famous and best selling (to date) toy car of all, [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond)'s [Aston Martin DB5](/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB5) (261) from the film [Goldfinger](/wiki/Goldfinger_(film)), was issued in October 1965. Despite the fact that the casting of the new James Bond car was based heavily on the earlier [Aston Martin DB4](/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB4) model from 1960, it was the special features marked out this model. There were machine guns in the front wings which popped out at the touch of a button, a bulletproof shield which popped up to protect the rear screen when the exhaust pipes were pressed, and an ejector seat which fired through a roof panel which opened by the touch of another button. The model was released in time for the 1965 Christmas market and the Corgi factory found it was unable to keep up with demand, leading to coverage in the British press of stories of toy shop shelves being cleared of this new must-have toy in minutes. The model remains in production to this day in an updated form and has gone on to sell more than seven million examples in all its various versions.

The "Thrushbuster" (497) was an update of an existing [Oldsmobile Super 88](/wiki/Oldsmobile_Super_88) casting dating back to 1961, but now with models of the stars of the television series [The Man from U.N.C.L.E.](/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E.), agents [Napoleon Solo](/wiki/Napoleon_Solo) and [Illya Kuryakin](/wiki/Illya_Kuryakin), firing guns out of the windows. The two figures popped in and out of the car windows by pressing down on a model periscope protruding through the roof.[[9]](#cite_note-9) Like in the case of The Saint, this owed little to realism - on the TV show the two heroes would certainly not advertize their affiliation with the logo on the bonnet.

/wiki/File:1960s_Batmobile_(FMC).jpgThe Batmobile from the 1966 Batman TV series, one of the famous cars modeled by Corgi
The Christmas market was again dominated by a Corgi toy car; this time the [Batmobile](/wiki/Batmobile) (267) released in October 1966. This was a [George Barris](/wiki/George_Barris_(auto_customizer)) customised 1955 [Lincoln Futura](/wiki/Lincoln_Futura) concept car bought by Barris as a wreck from Ford Motor Company (reputedly for one dollar) and which featured heavily in the American television series [Batman](/wiki/Batman_(TV_series)).

In June 1967 GS3 was issued consisting of The Batmobile towing a [Batboat](/wiki/Batboat) on a trailer, and another James Bond car soon followed – the [Toyota 2000GT](/wiki/Toyota_2000GT) (336) issued in October 1967 from the film [You Only Live Twice](/wiki/You_Only_Live_Twice_(film)), which fired rockets from the boot.

The previously issued 1927 Bentley was updated for a second time to tie in with the BBC television series The World of Wooster (9004) which starred [Ian Carmichael](/wiki/Ian_Carmichael) and featured figures of Bertie Wooster and his valet Jeeves at the wheel. It was the only film and television related model issued as part of the Corgi Classics range and did not sell well. The final film and television related model for 1967 was issued in November. The crime fighting car Black Beauty (268) - a George Barris customised [1965 Imperial Crown sedan](/wiki/Imperial_(automobile)), included an operational satellite launcher inside the boot and a rocket fired from behind the grill, and was featured in the American television series [The Green Hornet](/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(TV_series)). Although the series was not screened in the UK until years later, the model proved to be very popular and it went on to sell over two million examples.

A new casting of the James Bond Aston Martin DB5 (270) was released in February 1968, this time featuring the correct DB5 taillights (instead of the DB4 taillight clusters on the 261) and authentic silver paintwork. The original had been painted gold after the Corgi design team decided that silver painted pre-production models looked as if the metal bodies were unpainted. The new model now featured tyre slashers and revolving number plates whilst retaining all the features of the original, and early examples packaged in a short lived bubble-pack are even more valuable today than the earlier 1965 release.

/wiki/File:Nick%27s_Pics_053.jpg277 Monkeemobile
November 1968 saw the release of the flying car [Chitty Chitty Bang Bang](/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang_(car)) (266) from the successful [film of the same name](/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang) that had been in cinemas throughout that summer. It featured plastic wings that popped out from the car's side skirts when the hand brake was pushed and detailed miniatures of the car's inventor, Caractacus Potts, Truly Scrumptious and the children Jeremy and Jemima. The Monkeemobile (277) issued in December was a model of the [Dean Jeffries](/wiki/Dean_Jeffries) customised 1966 Pontiac GTO that featured in the American television series [The Monkees](/wiki/The_Monkees_(TV_series)). It included miniatures of band members Davy Jones, Mickey Dolenz, Peter Tork and Mike Nesmith sitting in the car.

/wiki/File:Corgi_Yellow_Submarine.jpg803 Yellow Submarine
Film and television related models continued to be issued in February 1969 with the [Yellow Submarine](/wiki/Yellow_Submarine_(1968_film)) (803) from the animated [Beatles](/wiki/Beatles) film of the same name. This model featured two hatches that lifted at the touch of buttons on the side of the craft to allow models of the Fab Four ([John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon), [Paul McCartney](/wiki/Paul_McCartney), [George Harrison](/wiki/George_Harrison) and [Ringo Starr](/wiki/Ringo_Starr)) to pop into view. Early examples featured a white hatch to the front and a yellow hatch to the rear in keeping with the colour scheme of the original, before both hatches were coloured red on later models. The Yellow Submarine commands high prices today among both die-cast collectors and collectors of Beatles-related memorabilia.

Corgi Toys not only produced models of automotive stars of film and television, but also models of production vehicles. A newly tooled Commer 2500 mini bus body was used for the Samuelson Mobile Camera Van (479) issued in December 1967 which included a detailed cast metal model of a Panavision film camera and plastic cameraman on a metal plinth that could be either attached to the vehicle's roof rack or to the front or rear of the van for tracking shots. The lens of the camera was represented by a tiny jewel. In September 1968 the Renault 16 Tour De France Paramount Film Unit (GS13) was released. This gift set featured a Renault 16 car with the tailgate removed and a platform extension fixed at the rear to accommodate the Panavision film camera model and cameraman. Also included was a miniature racing cycle and cyclist.

The releases of film and television related models continued into the seventies, and included more [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond) models. In June 1970, the 1912 [Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Silver_Ghost) from the Corgi Classics range was reissued, but updated with psychedelic paintwork and featuring figures of the group from the animated series [The Hardy Boys](/wiki/The_Hardy_Boys), another American television show which was unknown in Britain. This time the model failed to sell, making it extremely rare today. A [Ford Mustang Mach 1](/wiki/Ford_Mustang_Mach_1) (391) and the "[Moon Buggy](/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle)" (802) from the film [Diamonds Are Forever](/wiki/Diamonds_Are_Forever_(film)) were issued in 1972, and the [Lotus Esprit](/wiki/Lotus_Esprit) (269) in 'underwater' mode from [The Spy Who Loved Me](/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_(film)) in 1977.

A rocket-firing 'Stromberg' [Bell JetRanger](/wiki/Bell_JetRanger) helicopter (926) from the same film was added in 1978. The [Space Shuttle](/wiki/Space_Shuttle) (649) from the Bond movie [Moonraker](/wiki/Moonraker_(film)) appeared in 1979 along with a 'Drax' JetRanger helicopter (930) from the same film. A [Citroën 2CV](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV) which James Bond drove in the film [For Your Eyes Only](/wiki/For_Your_Eyes_Only_(film)) was issued in 1981.

As the decade progressed some of the film and television related models became less authentic due to the lack of expensive licensing deals, and more a product of the imagination of the Corgi design team. In 1973 '[Dick Dastardly](/wiki/Dick_Dastardly)'s' Car (809) was issued featuring models of the characters 'Dick Dastardly' and his sidekick '[Muttley](/wiki/Muttley)' from the children's television program [Wacky Races](/wiki/Wacky_Races_(1968_TV_series)). However, this Corgi offering was a toy-like race car from the 'Comics' range, and was a far cry from the famous "00-zero" car that 'Dick Dastardly' drove in the cartoon series.

In 1978, since the [Superman](/wiki/Superman) movie was already popular in the UK, Corgi introduced and took advantage of recently acquired licensing deal to make Corgi Toys (model no. 260,) Superman 'Metropolis Buick' as a diecast 1:36 scale replica of a 1974–1975 [Buick Regal](/wiki/Buick_Regal) (round headlights) style sedan. This toy car was a 1979 trademark of [DC Comics](/wiki/DC_Comics), Inc on the package with a cartoon Superman. The vehicle was blue and white stripes with Police and had the two front doors that would open. There were four beacons and four sirens on the roof and a City of Metropolis Police Dept emblem on the front hood. The packaging was designed for the English, French, and German markets. This was a prime example of using a car product that was not shown in the movie but using another car product from television's Kojak series, that was produced by Corgi in 1976, a blue 74 Buick Regal police car (260B1) with one beacon and a brown 74 Buick Regal detective car (290) with one beacon. That 'Kojak' series drove [Buick Century](/wiki/Buick_Century)'s and not the upscaled Buick Regal's that Corgi made as authentic from the show. Further confusion in the market was the same blue Buick police car as Corgi (model no. 416) "Buick Century Police-Polizei" with one beacon was made in 1977 that included a police officer figure. The car was either a "Kojak" car, then police car, and then "Superman" as proof of reusing the diecast without authenticate to television or movies. The Metropolis police car of [Superman](/wiki/Superman), was a 1976 Plymouth Fury and there were no Buick police cars in the movie.[[10]](#cite_note-10)

In 1978 the "U.S. Racing Buggy" (167) was reissued as 'The Penguinmobile', themed around [Batman](/wiki/Batman)'s arch-enemy [The Penguin](/wiki/The_Penguin), complete with an umbrella. (259). A 'Batbike' was released in 1978 featuring a figure of 'Batman' sitting astride a modified motorbike which fired two rockets, along with a series of vehicles that were issued as the result of obtaining the [Marvel Comics](/wiki/Marvel_Comics) license. They were themed around [Spider-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man), [Captain America](/wiki/Captain_America), [Captain Marvel](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(Marvel_Comics)) and [The Incredible Hulk](/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk).

These included a 'Spidervan' (436); a suitably decorated Chevrolet van, which had also been issued the previous year as a tie-in with the American television series [Charlie's Angels](/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels) (434), a "[Daily Planet](/wiki/Daily_Planet)" JetRanger helicopter (929), a "Spiderbuggy" (261); a Jeep CJ-5 with a model of 'Spider-Man's' archenemy "[The Green Goblin](/wiki/The_Green_Goblin)" trapped in a web styled plastic bag dangling from a crane fitted at the back of the vehicle, a "Spidercopter" (928) and a "Spiderbike" (266). A similar treatment was also given to other Marvel characters including a "[Captain America](/wiki/Captain_America)" Jetmobile (263), a 'Captain Marvel' Porsche 917/10 Can-Am racer (262) and an 'Incredible Hulk' Mazda pick-up (264) which featured a caged model of the 'Hulk' on the flatbed of the truck.

A "[Superman](/wiki/Superman)" gift set (GS21) was released featuring a 'Supermobile', the [Daily Planet](/wiki/Daily_Planet) helicopter and a [Buick Regal](/wiki/Buick_Regal) police car, as well as a "Spider-Man" gift set (GS23) consisting of the "Spiderbuggy", the "Spidercopter" and the "Spidervan". Many of these later film and television related releases were not models of authentic vehicles as were the earlier issues from the 1960s, but merely existing models updated to take advantage of recently acquired licensing deals.

In May 1978 a new version of the [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond) [Aston Martin DB5](/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB5) (271) was issued in 1/36 scale which featured the operational gimmicks of the 1965 original. This model appears in the Corgi range to the present day. In October 1978 [The Saint](/wiki/The_Saint_(TV_series))'s [Jaguar XJS](/wiki/Jaguar_XJS) (320) w
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Warlord Games Ltd/wiki/File:Logo_of_Warlord_Games.png
Company type[Private](/wiki/Privately_held_company)
Industry[Miniature wargaming](/wiki/Miniature_wargaming) and [Board game](/wiki/Board_game) publisher
Founded2007
Headquarters[Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham)

, [UK](/wiki/UK)

Key people
John Stallard, Paul Sawyer, Alessio Cavatore, [Rick Priestley](/wiki/Rick_Priestley)
Products[Bolt Action (wargame)](/wiki/Bolt_Action_(wargame))
Website[Warlord Games](http://www.warlordgames.com)

Warlord Games is a British [miniatures](/wiki/Miniature_wargaming) and wargame publisher, based in Nottingham, UK.

Warlord Games was started in 2007[[1]](#cite_note-1) by former [Games Workshop](/wiki/Games_Workshop) employees John Stallard and Paul Sawyer. With Bob Naismith their first production was [Roman legionary](/wiki/Legionary) models. The Black Powder rules were bought from [Rick Priestley](/wiki/Rick_Priestley); Rick then wrote Hail Caesar rules for Warlord.[[2]](#cite_note-2) In July 2023, Warlord sold 25% of shares to [Hornby](/wiki/Hornby_Railways) for £1.25 million.[[3]](#cite_note-3)

Warlord Games produces both miniatures for wargames as well as the wargames themselves. Black Powder, set in the era of the "horse and [musket](/wiki/Musket)", is mentioned in several books dedicated to wargames set in this period. For example, Donald Featherstone, in his 2010 book Battle Notes for Wargamers, cites the rules used in Black Powder as especially suitable for recreations of the Battles of [Wynendael](/wiki/Battle_of_Wijnendale),[[4]](#cite_note-4) [Prestonpans](/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans),(Jacobite uprising)[[5]](#cite_note-5) [Guilford Courthouse](/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse) (American Revolution),[[6]](#cite_note-6) [Maida](/wiki/Battle_of_Maida),[[7]](#cite_note-7) [Aliwal](/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal) (Anglo-Sikh war),[[8]](#cite_note-8) [Wilson's Creek](/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek) (American Civil War),[[9]](#cite_note-9) [Little Big Horn](/wiki/Battle_of_Little_Big_Horn),[[10]](#cite_note-10) and [Modder River](/wiki/Battle_of_Modder_River) (Boer War)[[11]](#cite_note-11)

Warlord Games's most popular game to date is the Second World War setting [Bolt Action](/wiki/Bolt_Action_(wargame)).[[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)]

Their games are well known enough that they were used several times by [Rick Priestley](/wiki/Rick_Priestley) and John Lambshead in their 2016 book Tabletop Wargames: A Designers' and Writers' Handbook to illustrate various points. For example, Priestley and Lambshead point to the "Blunder Table" in the wargame Black Powder, using it as an example of a mechanism that "introduces a moment of high drama into the game. It drives the narrative of the battle. Although the result affects only one side the roll engages the attention of both."[[12]](#cite_note-ttg-12): 48  Likewise, Priestley and Lambshead use Bolt Action to explore nested systems of sequential mechanics, giving as the example "shooting that results in one or more hits (primary rolls) results in a morale effect (represented by a 'pin' state) even where all those hits fail to cause casualties (secondary rolls)."[[12]](#cite_note-ttg-12): 50

Javier Gomez in his 2015 book Painting Wargaming Figures, used figurines produced by Warlord Games as examples to demonstrate various ways to paint historically accurate figurines for use with specific battles, including a [Thirty Years War](/wiki/Thirty_Years_War) gun and crew,[[13]](#cite_note-pwf-13): 224  a Roman centurion[[13]](#cite_note-pwf-13): 285  and a Celtic warrior.[[13]](#cite_note-pwf-13): 302

- Hail Caesar!

- Pike & Shotte (English Civil Wars and the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War))

- Black Powder

- Black Seas

- Bolt Action

- Blood Red Skies

- Konflikt 47 (alternate WWII history mixed with alien technology)

- Judge Dredd Miniatures Game (in conjunction with Mongoose Games)

- Beyond the Gates of Antares.

- [^](#cite_ref-1) ltd, company check. ["WARLORD GAMES LIMITED. Free business summary taken from official companies house information. Free alerts. Registered as 06400769"](http://companycheck.co.uk/company/06400769/WARLORD-GAMES-LIMITED/companies-house-data). Company Check. Retrieved 2023-11-07.

- [^](#cite_ref-2) ["About Us"](https://www.warlordgames.com/home/about-us/). Warlord Games. Retrieved 2025-08-12.

- [^](#cite_ref-3) ["Acquisition and Extension of Loan Facility, 7 Jul 2023 11:23 | Shares Magazine"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230711163620/https://www.sharesmagazine.co.uk/news/market/LSE20230707122354_4828600/acquisition-and-extension-of-loan-facility). www.sharesmagazine.co.uk. 7 July 2023. Archived from [the original](https://www.sharesmagazine.co.uk/news/market/LSE20230707122354_4828600/acquisition-and-extension-of-loan-facility) on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.

- [^](#cite_ref-4) Featherstone 2010 p64

- [^](#cite_ref-5) Featherstone, 2010 p74

- [^](#cite_ref-6) Featherstone, 2010 p84

- [^](#cite_ref-7) Featherstone 2010 p94

- [^](#cite_ref-8) Featherstone, 2010 p103

- [^](#cite_ref-9) Featherstone, 2010 p112

- [^](#cite_ref-10) Featherstone, 2010 p122

- [^](#cite_ref-11) Featherstone 2010 p132

- ^ [a](#cite_ref-ttg_12-0) [b](#cite_ref-ttg_12-1) Priestley & Lambshead, 2016

- ^ [a](#cite_ref-pwf_13-0) [b](#cite_ref-pwf_13-1) [c](#cite_ref-pwf_13-2) Gomez 2015

- Featherstone, Donald (2010). Battle Notes for Wargamers. David & Charles Ltd. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781446731833](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446731833).

- Gomez, Javier (2015). Painting Wargaming Figures. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781848848221](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848848221).

- [Priestley, Rick](/wiki/Rick_Priestley); Lambshead, John (2016). Tabletop Wargames: A Designers' and Writers' Handbook. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781783831487](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783831487).
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